The Life of Francis Scott Fitzgerald Essay Example

The Life of Francis Scott Fitzgerald Essay In the event that the 1920s, otherwise called the Jazz Age, at any point saw a demigod, it would be Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald. He lived one of the most unconventional and extravagant ways of life during those time. Be that as it may, regardless of this, he would be referred to for his functions as an author and essayist, which made him an unbelievable figure in American abstract history. Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald was conceived on September 24, 1896, in St. Paul, Minnesota. He was the main child of Edward Fitzgerald and Mary â€Å"Mollie† McQuillan. They moved to Buffalo, New York in 1898, where his dad filled in as a sales rep in Proctor Gamble. In 1908, his dad lost his employment and they moved back to St. Paul. Around the same time, Francis Scott Fitzgerald went to the St. Paul Academy. His first composing that was printed was an analyst story entitled The Mystery of the Raymond Mortgage, which showed up in the Academy’s understudy paper. During 1911â€1913 he enlisted at Newman School in New Jersey where he met Father Cyril Webster Sigourney Fay, whom he viewed as his tutor. From the get-go in his life, he previously showed his enthusiasm for theater and composing, yet it was not until 1913, when he entered Princeton University, when his energy thrived. He composed contents for musicals for the Princeton Triangle Club’s including Fie! Fie! Fi-Fi!. He likewise composed stories for The Princeton Tiger and the Nassau Literary Magazine. Furthermore, he composed novice plays including The Girl From Lazy J and Coward. It was additionally during his stay at Princeton that he met numerous deep rooted companions, including essayists John Peale Bishop and Edmund Wilson. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Life of Francis Scott Fitzgerald explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on The Life of Francis Scott Fitzgerald explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on The Life of Francis Scott Fitzgerald explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Be that as it may, in his quest for an abstract profession, he in many cases dismissed his examinations. Accordingly, he was put on scholarly probation. In the wake of understanding that he won't graduate, in 1917, he left Princeton and joined the military as a second lieutenant in the infantry. In his dread that he would bite the dust in the war, he began composing his first novel, The Romantic Egotist. Despite the fact that the novel was commended by the distributer for its innovation, it was dismissed. It was not until March 26, 1920, after a few updates, that the novel was distributed as This Side of Paradise. It was about the goals and love dissatisfactions of its principle character, Amory Blaine. It was a triumph and became one the most well known books of the year. At age 24, Francis Scott Fitzgerald’s debut novel made him a moment superstar. Seven days from that point forward, he wedded Zelda Sayre at New York, and on October 1921, their little girl Frances Scott â₠¬Å"Scottie† was conceived. The 1920s, or the â€Å"Roaring Twenties,† end up being the most compelling decade of Fitzgerald’s profession. His works were illustrative of the time. He previously instituted the term â€Å"Jazz Age† in 1922 (Bryer 239), which the decade was later known as. His works reflected the way of life of the time and he turned into the voice of his age. In 1922, his second novel The Beautiful and The Damned was distributed, and around the same time, his assortment of short stories, Tales of The Jazz Age, came out. He likewise attempted the auditorium in The Vegetable however it didn't progress admirably. In any case, it was in 1925 when The Great Gatsby was distributed that he got related to the Jazz Age (Bruccoli 5). It was viewed as the fundamental Jazz Age report since it mirrored the indispensable soul of the nation, particularly the debauchery and decrease of the general public (Bryer 246). It is about the customary American dream, however in the quest for that fan tasy, standards and ethics offered route to the quest for cash. The Great Gatsby implied the flighty good faith of the period. Be that as it may, his prosperity turned into the beginning of his ruin. With his distinction and cash, the Fitzgeralds lived extravagantly and richly (Mellow 59). They had consistent gatherings at their home and they had visit outings to Europe, particularly Paris and the French Riviera. Fitzgerald likewise had a notoriety for being a drunkard. Thus, he was frequently in the red. Simultaneously, in spite of the effect The Great Gatsby had, its deals were poor, so to help their way of life, he composed short stories for magazines. At that point, his life took another turn when his significant other encountered a psychological breakdown. She was in and out of asylums, which added to their costs. Therefore, Fitzgerald needed to delay his novel to compose short stories. In 1934, his fourth novel Tender Is the Night was a business disappointment. Like The Great Gatsby, it didn't sell well. At the point when he couldn't compose short stories any longer since individuals lost enthusiasm fo r understanding them, in 1937, he went to Hollywood where he marked an agreement with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer for $1,000 per week. While in Hollywood, he became hopelessly enamored with Sheilah Graham, a film feature writer. He additionally composed independent contents and kept composing short stories. In any case, his liquor addiction and physical disease meddled with his life and work, and on December 21, 1940, he kicked the bucket of a coronary failure. Francis Scott Fitzgerald’s life is both of accomplishment and disaster. His own life is as well known as his works. His life not just resembled his accounts and the characters he made yet additionally spoke to the occasions in which he lived in. In any case, in spite of this, he will always be related to the Jazz Age and his works earned its place among the American works of art.

Short Case Essay Example for Free

Short Case Essay At your organization, a bottler of regular spring water, the publicizing division has as of late propelled a battle that accentuates the virtue of your item. The business is profoundly serious, and your association has been gravely harmed by a protracted strike of unionized representatives. The strike genuinely upset creation and dispersion, and it made your organization lose noteworthy incomes and piece of the overall industry. Since the strike is finished, your organization should battle to recover lost clients and should pay for the expanded wages and advantages called for in the new association contract. The company’s money related circumstance is unstable no doubt. You and the whole senior supervisory crew have high trusts in the new promotion crusade, and starting customer reaction has been sure. You are stunned, at that point, when your head of tasks reports to you that an irate laborer has subverted one of your packaging plants. The specialist brought a substance into one of the machines, which thus sullied 120,000 jugs of the spring water. Luckily, the compound is available in amazingly minute amountsâ€no buyer might endure hurt except if the individual drank more than 10 gallons of the water every day over an extensive stretch of time. Since the machine has just been disinfected, any danger of long haul presentation has been for all intents and purposes wiped out. Be that as it may, obviously, the cases made by your new advertisement battle couldn't be all the more bogus. Rundown the entirety of the partners associated with this circumstance. Do any partner bunches have more to pick up or lose than others? Build up a methodology for managing the sullying. What amount does a company’s money related circumstance decide how moral quandaries are taken care of? In this circumstance the rundown of partners would be everybody in the organization. In the event that the organization can't bring in cash, at that point the organization is in question and this partners are everybody that is utilized, this incorporates myself as the proprietor of the organization to the work representatives that have a recently arranged work contract. I don't accept that anybody bunch has pretty much to free; intuitively, I would think the lower wage laborers would have more to free, however is really false, in light of the fact that its all family member. The methodology I would use to manage this circumstance is to remain fair a consistent with the item the organization sells and to the representatives. To start with, I would compose a definite letter to everybody clarifying the circumstance. I would clarify the situation of the organization before this occurrence and the potential ramifications of this circumstance. The company’s money related circumstance has a great deal to manage how this circumstance. Which is the reason I feel it is critical to be straightforward. My arrangement is discard the defiled gracefully alongside any hardware that would taint future items. I would work the supervisor or chief of disease control to ensure the debased item is suitably discarded and to think of an arrangement that would safeguard this doesn't occur once more. One everything is said and done, I would transfer all important data to all the workers of the association. Further, I would l transfer a recently made arrangement of what how representatives will how act as such will be managed.

APUSH Quiz - Are You Ready For Test Day

Your AP US History Exam is approaching—are you ready? This APUSH quiz tests your knowledge on various subjects on the exam, which will give you a sense of what you need to study. After you take the APUSH quiz, check out the answer key below. Weve included some elaboration on each answer to help you understand why each one is right. After youve reviewed the APUSH quiz answers, check out our tips for test-day preparation. Remember, no peeking at the answers ahead of time! Take the Quiz! (function() { var qs,js,q,s,d=document, gi=d.getElementById, ce=d.createElement, gt=d.getElementsByTagName, id="typef_orm_share", b="https://embed.typeform.com/"; if(!gi.call(d,id)){ js=ce.call(d,"script"); js.id=id; js.src=b+"embed.js"; q=gt.call(d,"script")[0]; q.parentNode.insertBefore(js,q) } })() APUSH Quiz Answer Key With Explanations Q #1 In what decade did the civil war occur? A- The 1860s Explanation: The Civil War was fought in the United States, between the North and the South, from April 12, 1861-May 9, 1865. It commenced with the Battle of Fort Sumter, when the Confederate Army bombarded Fort Sumter (near Charleston, South Carolina), leading to surrender by the United States Army. The Battle of Palmito Ranch is widely considered the last official battle of the Civil War. Q#2 During his bid to become an Illinois senator, Abraham Lincoln had a series of debates with which other man, who was trying to win the same Senate seat? A- Stephen Douglas Explanation: The Lincoln-Douglas debates, sometimes also known as the â€Å"Great Debates of 1858,† were 7 debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas that took place between August and October of 1858. Lincoln was the Republican candidate for US Senator and Douglas was the Democratic incumbent. They debated a range of topics, primarily related to slavery in the United States. While he ultimately lost to Douglas, Abraham Lincoln became a national figure through these debates. More on the Lincoln-Douglas debates here! Q#3 Which US battleship was sunk in the port of Havana in 1898, lending its name to a popular rallying cry of the time? A- USS Maine Explanation: The USS Maine blew up and sank on the night of February 15, 1898. It was sent to protect U.S. interests during Cuba’s revolt against Spain in the Cuban War of Independence. Heres a fantastic overview of how this incident fits into American imperialism. Q# through the Treaty of London. They opposed the Central Powers, consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey. Q#7 Which of the following best summarizes Frederick Jackson Turner’s Frontier Thesis? A- Many of the European customs that had informed the American lifestyles were found wanting for those pioneers who moved West. Explanation: Frederick Turner’s Frontier Thesis, published in 1893, stressed the importance of American frontier life on American democracy, and critiqued the limitations of old European customs and mindsets. Q#8 Who was the founder of one of the largest states east of the Mississippi river, where he also founded a Quaker community? A- William Penn Explanation: After being persecuted for their faith, the Quakers, led by William Penn, founded the colony of Pennsylvania in 1862. Read more about APUSH topics regarding the Quakers here! Themes on the APUSH Exam Heres a great overview of all of the themes that will be addressed throughout the APUSH exam: Political parties Expansion Social movements Voting rights 5 key American history themes Other Ways to Prepare for the APUSH Exam Know your APUSH basics You’ve probably been discussing this exam all year in your AP US History course, but it can be helpful to review the actual structure of and assessments on the test on your own. This APUSH overview goes over exactly what will be on the test, including question formats and types. It also covers key concepts, events, and strategies. This is also a great resource covering 9 thematic topics on the APUSH exam, to help you brush up on everything from the British Colonies to the Cold War. Along those lines, it’s also worth studying the specific historical periods that show up on the APUSH exam. Take an APUSH practice exam You know the saying: practice makes perfect! You probably take practice tests in your AP US History class as part of your curriculum, but you can always take them at home as well. Here are some tests for more practice: Official APUSH practice exam from the College Board Other (unofficial) APUSH practice tests Take these other APUSH quizzes! The APUSH Civil War Quiz The APUSH Revolutionary War Quiz Form APUSH study groups and share resources Let’s face it, working together is always more fun. Try getting together with a few peers from your AP US History course weekly to refresh yourselves on key concepts, review practice test questions, divide and conquer searching for answers, etc. Here are some of our favorite APUSH resources: The Best APUSH Study Notes This APUSH Study Plan (with various timelines included) These APUSH Outlines These APUSH Study Guides This APUSH Crash Course A Final Word on APUSH Testing Day AP Exams can be stressful, and theres a lot of information on the AP US History exam, but we believe in you! The earlier you can start studying, the better, and here are some tips for studying smarter. Are you looking for more AP US History Exam Prep? Weve got you covered! Happy studying and best of luck on test day!

Grapes of Wrath. Movie vs. Book - 1701 Words

The Grapes of Wrath: Novel versus Film â€Å"America, the land of opportunities† When people hear this phrase, they may think America have always had a handful of opportunities for everyone, but this wasn’t the case in the novel â€Å"The Grapes of Wrath† written by John Steinbeck. In the 1930’s, North America faced the Great Depression, the longest economic slump ever experienced by the country. Author John Steinbeck wrote about the tragic experience of a poor American family (The Joads) as they get kicked off their Oklahoma home and moved west towards California, during the time of the Great Depression through his book. Steinbeck’s novel became so popular that the movie, consisting of the same name as the book, directed by John Ford was†¦show more content†¦In the book Steinbeck usually describes a scene thoroughly so readers can get the idea what the mood and atmosphere is like. In the film, there is no narrator so the audience must absorb all this information on their own during a quick scene. In the novel when Grandpa Joad died, Grandma Joad suffered the most from the traumatic lost. â€Å"On her mattress, away from the fire, Granma whimpered softly like a puppy† (Ch.13). She mourn after his death and goes into a silent state for a couple of days. â€Å"Well, she’s yellin’ an’ talkin’ plenty now, on’y she’s talking to Grampa. Yelling at him. Kinda scary, too† (Ch.16) When Grandma Joad finally break her silence, she thinks she is speaking to Grandpa who have already passed away and have been buried. These details provided in the text shows the audience the suffering that the character in the story went through clearly. Through the transition from book to movie, the portrayal of suffering and sorrow when a loved one died came off a little dull. In the movie, you do not get much of Grandma’s reactions to her husband’s death. Grandma just passed away shortly after, so the audience does not get how tragic Grandpa’s death was, how harsh it was on Grandma to cause her to pass away and how much it affected the family. Another difference is between the novel and film is that the pace is different. The story within the book proceeds at a slower pace than the movie. This gives theShow MoreRelatedGrapes of Wrath Movie vs. Book Essay2036 Words   |  9 PagesMessages can be conveyed to an audience in a number of different ways, whether it is a poem, a written story, or a movie. These different methods have the ability to convey similar messages but one method in particular will tend to be more successful than the others. A common example of this is the argument concerning the comparison of a book and a movie, which is better? Popular books that have been recently made into movies are Harry Potter, Twilight, and The Hunger Games and fans tend to have aRead MoreThe Blind Side Vs. Great Expectations2207 Words   |  9 PagesClassic Novels: The Blind Side vs. G reat Expectations Classic novels are almost abundant in this day and age. One can find them almost anywhere, and the meanings can impact life in a major way. Although many books hold the honor of being considered a classic, some stories are on the outskirts, hoping to have the chance to join the ranks. Stories like these hope to one day join this honorable list. The Blind Side by Michael Lewis is one of those stories. The characters are relatable, theRead MoreThe Studio System Essay14396 Words   |  58 PagesHistory is the first book to describe and analyse the complete development, classic operation, and reinvention of the global corporate entities which produce and distribute most of the films we watch. Starting in 1920, Adolph Zukor, head of Paramount Pictures, over the decade of the 1920s helped to fashion Hollywood into a vertically integrated system, a set of economic innovations which was firmly in place by 1930. For the next three decades, the movie industry in the Read Morebreaking entering9355 Words   |  38 Pagesreservation in Wellpinit, Washington. He was born with hydrocephalus (water on the brain) and was not expected to survive. Throughout his childhood, he suffered seizures, yet he learned to read by age three and was gobbling up novels such as The Grapes of Wrath by the time he was in kindergarten. At his off-reservation high school, he was the only Indian, except for the school mascot. He excelled in his classes and became a star basketball player, an experience that inspired his first young-adult novelRead MoreAmerican Civil Rights Movement Essay15820 Words   |  64 Pagesaggressive foreign policy. Exposed political corruption. 1897 –1898 he was accused of the US war with Spain. 1895 he acquired the â€Å"NY Journal†. Hearst built an empire - he was the owner of 28 daily papers, 18 Sunday, 13 magazines, 8 radio stations, 2 movie studios. The Great Depression brought his empire to a decline. He had a navy in Scotland. Was very rich, his influenced was great, but the empire declined. The NY Journal hailed Franklin Roosevelt. So Pulitzer and Hearsts efforts created sensationalismRead MoreModern History.Hsc.2012 Essay25799 Words   |  104 Pagesfrom Arkansas) turned into agricultural migrants, traveling from farm to farm picking crops at starvation wages. Most headed west, to California, especially, where they were often not welcomed / discriminated against, etc Competiton for jobs / old vs young Because of the oversupply of workers looking for work, any jobs that did go, went to younger workers. â€Å"Gradually those over forty, though physically fit, began to feel old and look and act poor†. (McIlvaine) Women Agony of being unable toRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesDowden This book Logical Reasoning by Bradley H. Dowden is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. That is, you are free to share, copy, distribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions: (1) Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book Logical Reasoning

Globalization Local Cultures Essay - 1013 Words

Globalization has been expanding all over the world, yet the debate whether it is good or bad for the world is still being discussed today. Some says that globalization makes the world healthier, but some others insist that the world is worse because of globalization, and it could destroy the tradition values and cultures of other countries. This essay, however, argues that even though globalization has been expanding more and more, traditions, local values and cultures will not be eroded. First of all, new ideas from other countries which are obtained via globalization will enrich local cultures. Secondly, a large variety of product will be brought to other countries, which encourages product diversity. Lastly, people can enjoy many kinds†¦show more content†¦These new products will encourage product diversity, so local people have more options to choose products fitting their cultures. Thus, local people do not need to change their cultures although products that they have been using originate from other countries. For instance, McDonald’s fast foods are present in 115 countries, but its products are suitable for local cultures, such as Ayran (a popular chilled yogurt drink) in Turkey, McLaks (a grill salmon sandwich) in Norway, and Maharaja Macs (no beef for Hindus and no pork for Muslims) in India (Zwingle, E, 2000). An explanation for this problem is that cultures are just matters of appearance, and they are different from country to country. For example, a Christian in Japan is very different from a Chirstian in Europe, democracy from the West has to fit into local social and political structures but not replace them, or when Christianity come to Africa, it adapts to local cultures instead of replacing them (Arste, K, 1999). Likewise, when new products penetrate into other countries, they have to fit into local cultures. Therefore, local cultures are kept unchanged. Although globalization has many impacts on society, it brings other countries many different kinds of entertainment to enjoy and encourages people to learn to get more knowledge via entertainment. These new kindsShow MoreRelatedThe Tension Between Local Culture And Globalization1142 Words   |  5 Pagesthe tension between local culture and globalization. Samir Moussa seems to feel angst over the lack of value placed on indigenous wisdom and techniques. His experience with the sand-fly has highlighted the problems encountered with fatal diseases in the countries he has traveled. Though he applauds the global friendships he has established, he is frustrated by the isolation he feels away from his friends. (Globalization 101, 2011) The opportunities afforded by globalization. Samir Moussa believesRead MoreGlobalization And Cultural Change : Globalization930 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization Cultural Change Globalization refers the movement toward globally similar social attitudes, linguistic, global trades, through increased connectedness among countries and individuals worldwide. This globalization allows citizens to discover and explore other cultures. As globalization occurs, local cultures need to take an active role. With actively engaged local cultures, globalization can be a win-win situation in both world and local cultures and can lead citizens throughout theRead MoreThe Issues of Globalization on National Cultures of Indonesia1272 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The issues of globalization increasingly dominate the universe’s life. The concept of globalization according to Robertson (1992) refers to the narrowing of the world as incentives and increased our awareness of the world, namely the increasing global connections and our understanding of the connection. Globalization is a situation in which no boundaries between the people of the world and links communities in a country with people in another countries. Globalization departs from an idea toRead MoreBook Report on Anthropology of Globalization by Lewellen1571 Words   |  7 PagesChapters 1-2 o Contemporary globalization is an on-going process of not just economic flows, but also cultural flows—the increasing flow of trade, finance, culture, ideas, and people brought about by the technology of communication and travel and by the worldwide spread of neoliberal capitalism†¦ (7). o Globalization is a reality, as well as regionalization and localization. Neoliberal capitalism has a global dominance; regionalism, localization, and globalization form a single, unified systemRead MoreGlobalization and Youth1589 Words   |  7 Pagesout Globalization and Culture mean different things to different people and the emerging generation will shape the future of both. There has been cultural implications are central to understanding human side of globalization in youth culture as a whole. Youth are important but the society does not realize this because they are paying attention to more the cultural side of the problem. No longer is it a question of whether globalization is having an impact on all aspects of human life; the more pressingRead MoreImpact of Globalization on Zimbabwean Culture1676 Words   |  7 PagesGlobalization has had a significant impact on the Zimbabwean culture . Globalization has greatly changed Zimbabwean culture . The effects of globalization on Zimbabwean culture has been quite varied having both positive and negative effects . It is however the writer’s view that globalization has had a largely negative impact on Zimbabwean culture as Rodrik(1971:8) points out that â€Å"globalization creates social and political tensions within andRead MoreIntroduction Globalization960 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Introduction Globalization is an ongoing process integrating economies, industries, markets, cultures, societies and policies around the world. Whether globalization is good or bad is a question that people around the globe are constantly debating over. The answer depends on which part of the world you stand on, for globalization have different impacts on every ‘participant’. The Good The good side of globalization is that it promotes open markets which allows businesses to communicate effectivelyRead MoreCultural Globalization: The Emergence of the Americanized World 685 Words   |  3 PagesAnnan once said, â€Å"Arguing against globalization is like arguing against the laws of gravity†. Globalization is an inevitable phenomenon in human history that brings about greater interconnectivity and integration of people worldwide. Over the past few decades, the pace of global integration has accelerated quickly and dramatically due to unprecedented advancements in technology, communications, science, transport and industry (The World Bank, 2013). Globalization affects economical, cultural, technologicalRead MoreGlobal Local And International Trading990 Words   |  4 Pagesof global phenomena, including globalization. Advances in technology, transportation and international trading are among the contributing factors to the process of globalization. Researc hers have closely studied different dimensions of globalization, and one of them is cultural globalization. As the world is aiming to reach a global culture, there are increasing interpenetration and interaction between global forces and the localities. Therefore, the term ‘global-local nexus’ is coined in order toRead MoreEssay on Going Global Presentation965 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Going global. Is it a myth or reality? The question of whether the globalization is a myth or reality is easily answered to my mind: it is definitely a reality. But to what extend can we call it a reality? In my presentation I’ll disclose the term of globalization, cover the spheres in which globalization can be applied and dwell on the advantages and disadvantages of it. Finally I’ll come to the conclusion that globalization is an inevitable and developing phenomenon which requires citizens of

The Union Leader The Schools Secret To Success Le Essay Example For Students

The Union Leader: The Schools Secret To Success Le Essay ads To Its ShameFor the past many years the Stratfield School in Fairfield, Connecticut has been a school where a parents were preparing his or her son or daughter for the Ivy League Level. For some reason or another, the students in this school scored 40 percent higher that all of the other nine local elementary schools on the standardized tests. Unfortunately the only thing that was different in this school was that they were unknowingly cheating. It was proven that many of the answers that were marked incorrectly were changed, and of the answers changed 89 percent were changed from wrong to right. Something seemed fishy for a long time, and it took a man by the name of Jeffrey Matthews being elected on the School Board to help find and solve this dilemma. Well the principle, whether committing the actual crime, or having total knowledge of it, resigned his post at the age of 57, and after the $206,000 cost of the investigation, the students of Stratfiels School are now as normal on paper, as they are in real life. My comment on this situation would be that this could easily could have been avoided just by having more than one person be in charge of these very important test. It is not the fault of the students, or really the parents, but the School Board for not paying attention to the situation.

Religion, The State And Sovereignty The Influence Of Religion On Human

Religion, the State and Sovereignty The influence of religion on humankind can be traced back to the first records of history. Religion has served as a pillar of strength to some and binding chains to others. There are vast amounts of information and anthropological studies revealing the interaction of religion and humankind. However, for the purposes of this paper, the time periods of study will be broken up into three sections. Each section will give a general description of how religion affected the institution of the state and its Sovereignty in a Euro-centric perspective. The first period is the early period, which will encompass from Christianity and the Roman Empire to the Medieval times (approx. 311 to 1100 A.D.). The second period will include the Renaissance, the Reformation to the Treaty of Westphalia (1101 to 1648 A.D.). The third and increment of history will range from 1649 to 1945 A.D. The date 311 A.D. marks the issuing of the "Edict of Toleration" for Christ ians. This date is important because it symbolizes "national" acceptance of Christianity, and planted its roots as a political institution. Later the Roman Empire on the verge of internal collapse acknowledged the importance of Christianity and used it to hold together the remnants of it former self. This adoption of Christianity took form and eventually became the Catholic church. The church became intermingled with politics and became a strong entity. The policies delivered from the church had more authority than the local rulers and magistrates of the developing feudal system. For example, St. Augustine wrote about war and what justified its enactment against fellow men. This policy was followed and adhered to for hundreds of years after St. Augustine wrote it. Another example, is the use of the Bible as a guideline for establishing governing systems. Scripture portrayed God as choosing the king of the people. The pope, being God's "representative" was then given the au thority to crown the king. This crowning process gave the pope large influence in the political arena. This ritual continued for a number of centuries. The Crusades, which occurred around 1100 A.D., played a crucial role in challenging the church's authority. The pope identifying the spread of Islam as evil requested all of Europe embark on a "Crusade" to defeat the infidels. As the battles were fought, great treasures were found in the form of books and knowledge. These books were crude translations of old Greek texts, containing information which would eventually produce the waning of Church authority in the future. The Renaissance marked the beginning of intellectual re-birth. Writers such as Dante, Machiavelli, Guiarccidini, Vitoria, etc., all attempting to reform and some even contest church dominance. Dante in his imaginative work "Inferno" writes of hell which he envision is the pope's final destination. Machiavelli takes a more direct role classifying the actions of a prince to be above morality and ultimately above the Church. He continues the affront by classifying a human character of "virtu" as being completely centered around man (humanism). The Raison D' Tat is supreme especially in terms of the church belligerence. In the middle of the Renaissance, the Church was dealt a deadly blow from which it would never recover. This assault came via Martin Luther. His work, "95 Thesis", marked the beginning of the Reformation. This movement split the church into Catholic and Protestant sects. It marked the beginning of a bloody period which virtually split Europe in half. Examples of the conflict raged between Protestants and Catholics from the great slaughter of Protestants in Paris 1572 A.D. (7000 dead) to the Thirty Years War. With the Church in disarray, freedom was given to the "state" to begin to develop. During this period of Renaissance the political identity was going through a tremendous transformation. This transformation took form in what is called Absolutism. "Princes" began to tolerate less and less manipulation from the church. The political entity in the form of monarchy began to wean itself from the Church for its legitimacy and looked toward its own power. Other writers began to rise and discuss issues of sovereignty and the state. Thomas Hobbes discusses the state and refers to it as "Leviathan" which is the concurring title